Influence of lactation number and parity on milk yield of Saanen goat's breed / [Influência do número de lactação e paridade na produção de leite da raça de cabras Saanen]

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of lactation number and parity on milk yield of Saanen goat's breed. It has been concluded that milk yield was higher for goats that had given birth to twins and three kids than for goats that had given birth to a single kid (P<0.05). The longevity has a great positive impact on production, given that goats in the fifth lactation produced more milk than goats in first or second lactation (P<0.05), while goats in the sixth lactation still produced more milk than goats in first lactation (P<0.05). During the period from 2014- 2019, the research was conducted on a farm of multiparous Saanen goats in Vojvodina (northern part of Serbia). In the observed period, the farm had between 350 and 400 goats per milking, and the research included a total of 1,628 concluded lactations, within which the first lactations were the most 484, then the second 381. According to the number of lactations, goats were grouped into classes from one to seven and from one to three for parity. By comparing each individual lactation, it was determined that in first lactation goats produced significantly lower milk than goats in the rest lactations(P<0.05), except the seventh. Research has shown that lactation number has a significant influence on milk yield (P=0.00). Increasing the fertility of goats significantly affects the production capacity of dairy goats, since does with a larger number of kids in the litter had a significantly higher milk production (P<0.05). Due to the larger number of kids in the litter, milk production also increases. Likewise, it is assumed that the increase in milk yield of goats with two and three kids is a consequence of a larger placenta, i.e. stronger lactogenic activity during pregnancy.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a influência do número de lactações e da paridade na produção de leite da raça de cabras Saanen. Concluiu-se que a produção de leite era maior para caprinos que haviam dado à luz gêmeos e três cordeiros do que para caprinos que haviam dado à luz um único cordeiro (P<0,05). A longevidade tem um grande impacto positivo na produção, dado que as cabras na quinta lactação produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira ou segunda lactação (P<0,05), enquanto as cabras na sexta lactação ainda produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira lactação (P<0,05). Durante o período de 2014- 2019, a pesquisa foi realizada numa fazenda de cabras Saanen multipares em Voivodina (parte norte da Sérvia). No período observado, a fazenda tinha entre 350 e 400 cabras por ordenha, e a pesquisa incluiu um total de 1.628 lactações concluídas, dentro das quais as primeiras lactações foram as mais 484, depois as segundas 381. De acordo com o número de lactações, as cabras foram agrupadas em classes de um a sete e de um a três para paridade. Comparando cada lactação individual, determinou-se que na primeira lactação as cabras produziram leite significativamente menor do que as cabras nas demais lactações (P<0,05), exceto a sétima. Pesquisas mostraram que o número de lactações tem uma influência significativa na produção de leite (P=0,00). O aumento da fertilidade das cabras afeta significativamente a capacidade de produção de caprinos leiteiros, já que com um número maior de cabritos na ninhada a produção de leite foi significativamente maior (P<0,05). Devido ao maior número de cabritos na ninhada, a produção de leite também aumenta. Da mesma forma, assume-se que o aumento na produção de leite de cabras com dois e três cabritos é uma consequência de uma placenta maior, ou seja, de uma atividade lactogênica mais forte durante a gestação.(AU)

Adolescent pregnancy trends in the last decade

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is a universal phenomenon, with higher prevalence in developing countries. Although there has been a reduction in Brasil since the year 2000, the age-specific fertility rate for this age group remains high. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency of adolescence pregnancy in in Brasil from 2006 to 2015 and its association with the Human Development Index (HDI). METHODS A descriptive epidemiological study, conducted by searching the database of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), using information from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) for the five Brazilian regions. RESULTS There was a reduction in the percentage of live births (LB) from adolescent mothers (10 to 19 years old) in Brasil by 13.0% over the last ten years. This decline was observed in all Brazilian regions among mothers aged 15 to 19 years. The number of LB increased by 5.0% among mothers aged 10 to 14 years in the North and decreased in the other regions, with higher rates in the South (18.0%). The specific fertility rate for the 15-19-year-old group decreased from 70.9/1,000 to 61.8/1,000 in the period. The proportion of LB is inversely associated with the HDI, except in the Northeast (the lowest HDI in the country), where there was a significant reduction (18.0%) among mothers aged 15-19 and 2% among those aged 10-14 years. CONCLUSION Teenage pregnancy in Brasil is in slow decline, especially among mothers aged 10-14 years and is inversely associated with the HDI, except in the Northeast.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO A gravidez na adolescência é fenômeno universal, com maior prevalência nos países em desenvolvimento. Embora venha apresentando redução desde 2000 no Brasil, a taxa de fecundidade específica para essa faixa etária permanece elevada. OBJETIVO Avaliar a frequência da gravidez na adolescência no Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2015, e a associação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). MÉTODO Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, realizado por busca no banco de dados no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus), utilizando informações do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) sobre as cinco regiões brasileiras. RESULTADOS Ocorreu queda do percentual de nascidos vivos (NV) de mães adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) no Brasil de 13,5% nos últimos dez anos. Essa redução foi notada em todas as regiões brasileiras, entre mães de 15 e 19 anos. O número de NV aumentou 5,0% entre aquelas de 10 a 14 anos na Região Norte e foi reduzido nas demais regiões, sendo maior no Sul (18,0%). A taxa de fecundidade específica de 15-19 anos diminiu de 70,9/1.000 para 61,8/1.000 no período. A proporção de NV se associa inversamente ao IDH, exceto no Nordeste, onde ocorreu importante redução (18,0%) entre as mães de 15-19 anos e de 2% entre 10-14 anos. CONCLUSÃO A gravidez na adolescência no Brasil encontra-se em lento declínio, especialmente entre 10-14 anos, e está inversamente associada ao IDH, exceto no Nordeste.

Influência da sensibilidade individual de varrões sobre a qualidade espermática após descongelação / Influence of boar individual sensibility on spermatic quality after tawing

Diversos trabalhos têm demonstrado diferenças na qualidade espermática do sêmen descongelado entre diversos reprodutores suínos, demonstrando variações na resistência individual dos espermatozóides destes animais ao processo de congelação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo testar o sêmen proveniente de diferentes reprodutores para se identificar sensibilidades individuais ao processo de congelação. Quatro machos foram coletados, em recipiente de 500 mL coberto por gaze para separação da parte gelatinosa e protegido por envoltório térmico. Cada amostra continha 112 x106 sptz/mL para as análises in vitro. A técnica de Paquignon foi utilizada para a congelação do sêmen. Após a descongelação, a 37oC durante 30 segundos, o conteúdo de cada palheta foi ressuspenso após descongelação no diluente Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS). Foram avaliadas em microscopia óptica o vigor e a motilidade espermática após descongelação (M1), ressuspensão (M2) e 10 minutos (M3) e 2 horas de incubação (M4) a 37oC. A morfologia do acrossoma foi analisada em esfregaço de sêmen feito em M3. Foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney através do General Linear Models do programa Statistical Analysis System (SAS 6.03, 1988) a 5% (p<0,05).

Several works have been demonstrating differences in spermatic quality of the thawed semen among several swine males. Variations are diagnosed in the individual resistance of the spermatozoids of these animals to the freezing process. This work had for objective to test the semen from the different boars to identify individual sensibilities to the freezing process. Four males were collected, in recipient with 500 mL covered by filter for separation of the gelatinous part and protected by thermal wrapper. Each sample contained 112 x106 sptz/mL for the in vitro analyses. The Paquignon technique was used for the semen freezing. After descongelation at 37oC during 30 seconds, the content of each slat was diluted in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS). They were analysed in optical microscopy, the vigour and the spermatic motility, after descongelation (M1), dilution (M2) , 10 minutes (M3) and 2 hours of incubation (M4) at 37oC. The acrossome morphology was analyzed in M3. The Mann Whitney’s test was used with the Lineal General Models in Statistical Analysis System Program (HEALTHY 6.03, 1988) at 5% (p<0,05).

Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) in infertile female age > or = 35 years by fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosome 13, 18, 21, X and Y.

INTRODUCTION: It is common in infertile couples that the female partner age > or = 35 years, that some of them require assisted reproductive technology (ART) for their treatment, it is also well known that in this female age group increases the chance of chromosome aneuploidy in offsprings. It is known that the antenatal diagnosis may have the ethical dilemma and psychological impact. Therefore, the preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) may have a role in this ART group. OBJECTIVE: The present study had the objective to compare the incidence of normal, abnormal embryos and also aneuploidy of each chromosome, i.e. 13, 18, 21, X and Y between 2 subgroups of age i.e. the age 35-39 years and 32-39 years vs. the age > or = 40 years in both female and male partners respectively. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This prospective study was performed in 20 infertile couples attending the Fertility Clinic at Thammasat University Hospital during the years 2006-2007 of which the female partner aged > or = 35 years had to use the ART. The PGS was performed by FISH technique with 5 probes to detect the 13, 18, 21, X and Y chromosomes. The comparative analysis was made between 2 subgroups of both female and male partner aged, as mentioned above in the incidence of normal, abnormal embryos and aneuploidy of each chromosome by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test with statistical significance if p < 0.05. RESULTS: The abnormal embryos in the female partner age > or = 40 years were higher than those of the age 35-39 years (72.4% vs. 52.5%, p = 0.07) but with no statistical significance. No different results were obtained in the comparable male partner age groups (56.8% vs. 61.4%, p = 0.66). The normal female and male embryos in the female partner age 40 years were lower than those of the age 35-39 years (10.4% vs. 25.4%, p = 0.08 and 17.2% vs. 22.1%, p = 0.60 respectively) but with no statistical significance. The normal female and male embryos in the male partner age > or = 40 years and the age 32-39 years were also compared with no significant differences (20.5% vs. 20.5%, p = 1.00 and 22.7% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.60, respectively). The percentage of embryos with aneuploidy of chromosome 18 in the female partner age > or = 40 years was significantly higher than that of the age 35-39 years (72.0% vs. 45.0%, p = 0.003). The pregnancy rate in the presented PGS study was 12.5% but unfortunately was associated with a high abortion rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: It was found in the present study that the incidence of abnormal embryos trend to increase in the female partner aged > or = 40 years compared to the aged 35-39 years although with no statistical significance. However, the incidence of embryos with aneuploidy of chromosome 18 was higher in females aged > or = 40 years with statistical significance, whereas the male partner age had no impact on the abnormality or normality of the embryo. The abortion rate was very high (100%) probably may be due to inadequate choice of probes, inappropriate fixation technology and small sample size. However, the results obtained in this study indicate that the PGS should be considerably performed with strong indication only.

Study of the causes and the results of treatment in infertile couples at Thammasat Hospital between 1999-2004.

OBJECTIVE: To study the type, cause, pregnancy rate, and pregnancy outcome of infertile couple in Fertility Clinic of Thammasat Hospital, Thammasat University. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The retrospective study was performed by reviewing the data of infertile couples attending the Fertility Clinic of Thammasat Hospital from 1999 until 2004. The data included age, type of infertility, duration, causes, treatments, and results of treatment of the infertile couples and excluded the data from the cancellation treatment cycles. RESULTS: One thousand seventy two infertile couples revealed 61.8% of primary infertility, 35.6% ofsecondary infertility, and 2.5% of incomplete data record. The overall duration of infertility was mostly between 1-4 years in 58.3%. The age of 65.9% of female partners and 61.2% of male partners were between 30-39 years. The causes of infertility were found in both partners (55.6%), only in male partners (19.4%), only in female partners (17.5%), in unexplained cause (4.7%), and in incomplete data group (2.8%). The causes of female infertility were endometriosis, tubal, ovulatory, uterine, endocrinnological, pelvic factors, and unexplained causes were found in 25.6%, 12.4%, 11.8%, 9.1%, 9.0%, 1.7%, and 25.7% of cases respectively. The causes of male infertility were terato, oligoasthenoterato, asthenoterato, astheno, oligoterato, oligo, asthenooligo, azoospermia, and unexplained causes found in 25.4%, 14.4%, 12%, 2.0%, 1.0%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 4.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. The pregnancy rate of IUI was 14.8% of which 95.5% succeeded in three attempts, where those of IVF, ICSI and ICSI- PESA were 32.3%, 28.0%, and 35.3%, respectively. The outcomes of pregnancy from IUI were 71.6% singleton, 1.5% twins, 1.5% triplets, 19.4% abortion, and 6.0% ectopic pregnancy. The outcomes of pregnancy from IVF were 30% singleton, 20% twins, 40% abortion, and 10% ectopic pregnancy. The outcomes of pregnancy from ICSI were 56.5% singleton, 17.4% twins, 13% triplets, and 13% abortion. Finally, the outcomes of pregnancy from ICSI-PESA were 66.7% singleton, 16.7% twins, and 16.7% abortion. CONCLUSION: Primary infertility cases were more common than secondary infertility cases. More than half of the infertile couples causes were from both male and female partners. The causes of male and female factors were similar to other reports, such as abnormal semen analysis, endometriosis, tubal factor and ovulatory factor The pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome of IUI, IVF and ICSI were comparable with the other reports.

comparative assessment of intramuscular progesterone and intravaginal progesterone to support luteal phase in IVF cycle

This study was designed to compare the benefits of intramuscular progesterone, 100mg daily, and cyclogest suppository, 400 mg BID, to support luteal phase in IVF cycle. In this Clinical Trial study 162 patients, between 20-40 years, were selected for rapid Zift cycles. Seventy seven cases used 400mg cyclogest suppository BID and 88 used 100 mg daily intramuscular progestron to support luteal phase. Age, duration of infertility, number of follicles and number of embryos were the variables which were assessed. Pregnancy rate and abortion rate were also compared between the two groups who underwent the treatment. Frequency of chemical pregnancy [postitive beta-HCG] was 27.3% in cyclogest and 30.6% in intramuscular progesterone group and there was no significant difference between two groups [NS]. Clinical pregnancy, according to sonography findings on 5[th] week, was seen in 22.1% of cyclogest and 27.1% of intramuscular progesterone group [NS]. Frequency of ongoing pregnancy was 15.6% in cyclogest and 18.5% in intramuscular progesterone group and there was no significant difference between two groups [NS]. In this study, the frequency of pregnancy, including chemical and clinical pregnancy, in intramuscular progesterone group was more than cyclogest group, whereas there was no significant statistical difference between two groups with regard to the number of cases. Therefore, we need to assess the study with more cases

Planes y programas de salud en Chile: con especial consideración de los de salud materno infantil y nutrición / Plan and programs of health in Chile: with particular reference to mother and child health and nutrition

En una breve historia de los logros de salud en el siglo pasado, en Chile, se reconoce el descenso de las tasas de mortalidades infantil, materna, como también por las enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles por vacunas, y el incremento de la esperanza de vida al nacer. Se señala además la participación de los líderes del cuerpo médico en las innovaciones favorables al sistema; ellos pertenecían a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, a las Sociedades Médicas, al Parlamento, al Servicio Nacional de Salud o al Colegio Médico (por medio de su Departamento de Salud Pública). Se afirma que han sido requisitos sociales fundamentales para tales logros, los siguientes: 1) la conciencia de un pueblo de su derecho al bien más preciado que es la salud; 2) la decidida voluntad política de los gobernantes de otorgar la prioridad que se merece al desarrollo de las condiciones para que este derecho se otorgue en forma satisfactoria, y 3) la lucidez y capacidad de los profesionales del sector para proponer, en cada momento, las soluciones necesarias para satisfacer las expectativas en salud de la comunidad nacional y cumplir las metas de los planes destinados a controlar los problemas emergentes

Pregnancy rate in Egyptian buffaloes after synchronization of estrus with PGF2alpha or ovulation by ovsynch program [with 2 tables and 2 figures]

Postpartum in buffaloes plays a great role in delay of the cyclicity in buffaloes that seemed to be anestrous. So, the use of hormones to induct estrus or induct ovulation has an importance to increase pregnancy rate. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the two methods in inducing high pregnancy rate. The experimental animals [48 lactating buffaloes] were divided into three groups: PGF2alpha group 1[n=16]; Ovsynch group 2 [n=16] and control group [n=16]. Pregnancy rate was significantly [p<0.001]increased in group 2 than group 1 and control group due to higher level of progesterone and more accurate synchronization for ovulation., It is more suitable to use the regimen of ovsynch in postpartum buffaloes especially in multiparous females with good condition score

Tiempo para quedar en embarazo: consideraciones generales y metodológicas / Evaluation of time-to-pregnancy as a measure in environmental epidemiology

Desde la segunda mitad de la década de los 80, el tiempo para quedar en embarazo se está utilizando en epidemiología ambiental para explorar efectos adversos sobre la fecundidad. En este artículo se revisa la racionalidad de los estudios de tiempo para quedar en embarazo y los principales elementos que se deben considerar en el diseño de un estudio de este tipo: tipo de estudio, poblaciones, tamaño de muestra, medición del evento, análisis estadístico y sesgos. Se sugieren algunas pautas por tener en cuenta para la realización de este tipo de estudios

Tasa de embarazo en embriones criopreservados según la calificación / Pregnancy rates in cryopreserved embryo according to morphologic classic evaluation and intact blastomeres at the time of embryo transfer

Se compara la tasa de embarazo en ciclos de transferencia de embriones criopreservados, según la calificación morfológica clásica1 y la integridad de todas las blastómeras en por lo menos un embrión al momento de la transferencia y se discuten los parámetros clínicos de preparación de la paciente y las posibles causas fisiopatológicas implicadas en el éxito de estos ciclos. Se revisaron 176 ciclos de transferencia de 513 embriones criopreservados. Se encontraron mejores tasas de embarazo y de nacimientos vivos en transferencias embrionarias donde al menos uno de los embriones transferidos tenía todas las blastómeras intactas al momento de la transferencia en comparación con transferencias de embriones de buena calidad (1+, 2+) de la calificación morfológica clásica sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05). En casos con congelación de embriones en estadio de pronúcleos con relación al estadio de células la tasa de embarazo y de nacidos vivos fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05). El daño de las blastómeras altera el potencial de implantación embrionaria, lo cual fue corroborado por la tendencia encontrada en este estudio, de manera que probablemente el futuro estará dado en la remoción microquirúrgica de las blastómeras dañadas y la utilización de eclosión asistida, quirúrgica o química.

Estado de la población peruana 1997: salud reproductiva / Status of the peruvian population 1997: reproductive health

Resume los aspectos más importantes del proceso demográfico del Perú así como las principales características sociales y económicas de la población nacional. Hace especial referencia al comportamiento demográfico y condiciones de vida de la población a nivel nacional, anotándose las disparidades y desigualdades que se presentan en el interior del país. En la colección contamos además con el informe de 1996

Estado de la población peruana 1996: informe / Status of the peruvian population 1996: report

Resume los aspectos más importantes del proceso demográfico del Perú así como las principales características sociales y económicas de la población nacional. Hace especial referencia al comportamiento demográfico y condiciones de vida de la población a nivel nacional, anotándose las disparidades y desigualdades que se presentan en el interior del país

Fecundidad / Fertility

La tasa Bruta de Natalidad (TBN) que es, la cantidad de nacimientos durante un periodo de tiempo dado, en el periodo de 1984 a 1994, la tasa global de fecundidad es el numero de nacimientos vivos por cada mujer entre los 15 y 49 años de edad.

Manual de normas tecnicas: y procedimientos de planificación familiar y detección oportuna de cancer cervico uterino y mamario / Manual of practical standardses: and procedures of familiar planning and opportune detection of uterine and mammary cérvico cancer

Visi¢n general acerca de la planificaci¢n familiar. Conceptos, definiciones, caracter¡sticas, riesgos y clasificaci¢n de los métodos anticonceptivos. Explicaci¢n de enfermedades como el cáncer cervical, uterino y mamario. Tasa de fecundidad e infecundidad en el Ecuador y muerte...